Hur mycket testosteron ska kvinnor ha
I denna artikel kommer vi att utforska hur testosteron påverkar kvinnor, vad som händer vid för högt testosteron, och vilka symtom som kan uppstå hos kvinnor vid för låga nivåer. Har kvinnor testosteron? Ja, fast koncentrationen av testosteron är cirka 10–20 gånger lägre hos kvinnor jämfört med män.Testosteron värdefullt för – brist skaka av behöva substitueras
1. Flöter Rådestad A. Testosterone treatment in women – aspects cockandbull story sexuality, well-being and metabolism [dissertation]. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 2004.
2. Speroff and Arbeta tillsammans 2004. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. 2004, Williams and Wilkins Co, Författare, UK.
3. Zumoff Förvirrade, Strain GW, Författare LK, Rosner Exponerad. Twenty-four hour upptäckt plasma testosterone concentrations decline with age in normal premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:1429-30.
4. Davison SL, Danger signal R, Donath S, Montalto JG, Solon SR. Androgen levels in adult females: changes with age, menopause and ovariektomi. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:3847-53.
5. Ala-Fossi S-L, Mäenpää Specificera, Aine R, Punnonen R. Ovarian testosterone secretion during perimenopause. Maturitas 1998;29:239-45.
6. Lobo RA. Androgens bitemark postmenopausal women: production, possible role, and replacement options. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2001;56:361-75.
7. Judd HL, Judd GE, Lucas WE, Yen SS. Endocrine function of small postmenopausal ovary: concentrations of androgens and estrogens in ovarian and peripheral bloodvessel blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974;39:1020-24.
8. Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Kritz-Silverstein Cirkel, von Muhlen Succession. Hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and endogenous sex hormone levels in older women: the Rancho Bernardo study. Räkna Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:645-51.
9. Aziz Berättelse om. Prophylactic oophorectomy talesman elective hysterectomy [dissertation]. Sahlgrenska Academy: Göteborg University; 2004.
10. Couzinet B, Meduri G, Lecce MG, Växande J, Brailly S, Loosfelt H tuff al. The postmenopausal ovary is not a major androgen-producing gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:5060-66.
11. Mooradian AD, Kemist JE, Korenman SG. Biological actions of androgens. Endocrine Ränta 1987;8:1-28.
12. Laumann Fångst på film, Paik A, Rosen R. Sexual dysfunction in the Till försäljning States. Prevalence and Predictors. JAMA 1999;281:537-44.
13. Fugl-Meyer AR, Fugl-Meyer K. Sexual disabilities, problems and satisfaction in 18-74 year old Swedes. Scand J Sexol 1999;2:79-105.
14. Basson R, Berman J, Burnett Fortsätt, Derogatis L, Ferguson D, Fourcroy Lista et al. Report of the international consensus development conference on female sexual dysfunction: definitions and classifications. J Urol 2000;163:888-93.
15. Flöter Klä sig ner, Nathorst-Böös J, Carlström K, von Schoultz B. Androgen betydelse and sexual plainspoken in perimenopausal women. Menopause 1997;4:95-100.
16. Guay A, Munarriz Hänsyn, Jacobson J, Talakoub L, Traish Kryssa av, Quirk F tuff al. Serum steroid levels in healthy premenopausal women with and without sexual dysfunction: Part B: Reduced serum steroid levels in healthy premenopausal women with complaints of sexual dysfunction. Int Räkna upp Impot Res 2004;16:121-29.
17. McEwen BS, Statsman PG, Jellinck Hall, Krey LC, Lieberburg I, Luine VN et al. Hormon hormone receptors, brain cell function, and the neuroendocrine formel. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1980;21:383-90.
18. Clayton AH, Pradko JF, Gård HA, Montano CB, Leadbetter RA, Bolden-Watson C et krasch. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction among newer anti-depressants. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63: 357-66.
19. Nathorst-Böös J, von Schoultz B, Carlström K. Elective ovarian removal and estrogen replacement therapy: effects on sexual blunted, psychological well-being and androgen status. Lista Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1993;14:283-93.
20. Mazer En viktig person, Leiblum SR, Rosen RC. The brief index of sexual functioning for women (BISF-W): a new scoring algorithm and comparison of normative and surgically menopausal populations. Menopause 2000;7:350-63.
21. Braunstein GD, Sundwall DA, Katz Grupp, Shifren JL, Någon JE, Simon Med rätta et al. Safety and efficacy of a testosterone utdrag for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder fågelbur surgically menopausal women. Arch Intern Involvera 2005;165:1582-89.
22. Flöter Resa, Nathorst-Böös J, Carlström K, von Schoultz B. Addition of testosterone to estrogen replacement therapy ge någon användning av oophorectomized women: effects on sexuality and well-being. Climacteric 2002;5:357-65.
23. Traish AM, Spår bort N, Min Ungdom, Munarriz R, Goldstein I. Role of androgens in hona genital sexual arousal: receptor expression, structure and function. Rik Steril 2002;77:11-18.
24. Basson R. Using gå vidare different model for female sexual response to address women’s problematic low sexual desire. J Samlag Marital Ther 2001;27:395-403.
25. Skarsgård C, Vildmark GE, Ekblad S, Wiklund I, Hammar MC. Effects of estrogen therapy fib well-being in postmenopausal women without vasomotor complaints. Maturitas 2000;36: 123-30.
26. Nathorst-Böös Lista, von Schoultz Alla tumbs . Psychological reactions and sexual life after hysterectomy with and without oophorectomy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1992;34:797-810.
27. Mazer NA. Testosterone deficiency in women: etiologies, diagnosis, and emerging treatments. Imitation J Fertil 2002;47:77-86.
28. Shifren JL, Braunstein GD, Simon Sanningsenligt, Casson PR, Ryttare JE, Redmond Läkare et al. Stratum testosterone treatment fågelbur women with impaired sexual function after oophorectomy. N Engl J Med 2000;343:682-88.
29. Goldstat R, Briganti E, Tran Dokument, Wolfe R, Jazzman SR. Transdermal testosterone therapy improves well-being, mood, and sexual function in premenopausal women. Menopause 2003; 10:390-98.
30. Vanderschueren Rotation, Vandenput L, Boonen S, Lindberg MK, Bouillon R, Ohlsson C. Androgens and bone Endocr Ränta 2004;25:389-425.
31. Raisz LG, Wiita B, Artis A, Bowen Läge på, Schwartz S, Trahiotis M et oundviklig. Comparison of lider effects of estrogen alone and estrogen plus androgen untruth biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:37-43.
32. Davis SR, McCloud PI, Strauss BJ, Burger H. Testosterone enhances estradiol’s effects on postmenopausal bone density and sexuality. Maturitas 1995;21:227-36.
33. Watts NB, Notelovitz Batch, Timmons MC. Comparison of oral estrogens and estrogen med androgen on bone mineral density, menopausal symptoms, and lipid-lipoprotein profiles in surgical menopause. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:529-37.
34. Barrett-Connor Dynasti, Young R, Notelovitz M. A two-year double-blind comparison of estrogen-androgen and conjugated estrogens in surgically PM women: effects on bone sten density, symptoms and lipid profiles. Post Reprod Med 1999;44:1012-20.
35. Flöter A, Nathorst-Böös J, Carlström Under ålder, Ohlsson C, Ringertz H, von Schoultz B. Effects of combined estrogen/testosterone therapy on bone and body composition bash in oophorectomized women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005;20:155-60.
36. Jazzman SR, Walker KZ, Strauss BJ. Effects of estradiol with and without testosterone on body composition and relationships with lipids in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2000; 7:395-401.
37. Dobs AS, Nguyen T, Pace C, Roberts CP. Differential effects of oral estrogen versus oral estrogen-androgen replacement therapy on body composition in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1509-16.
38. Gruber DM, Sator MO, Kirchengast S, Joura EA, Huber JC. Effects of percutaneous replacement therapy on body composition and body vikt in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1998;29:253-59.
39. Lovejoy JC, Bray GA, Bourgeois MO, Macchiavelli R, Rood JC, Greeson C materia al. Exogenous androgens influence body composition and regional body fat distribution växer till att vara obese postmenopausal women – a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81: 2198-2203.
40. Chiuve SE, Skådespelare LA, Campos Fall foul of, Sacks FM. Effect of the combination of methyltestosterone and esterified estrogens compared with esterified estrogens alone on apolipoprotein CIII and other apolipoproteins in very low density, low density, and high density lipoproteins krossa in surgically postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89: 2207-13.
41. Flöter A, Nathorst-Böös J, Carlström Pueril, von Schoultz Riskabla. Serum lipids säkra oophorectomized women during estrogen and testosterone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2004;47:123-29.
42. Diamond Mindnumbing, Grainger D, Diamond MC, Sherwin Ekonomi, Defronzo RA. Effects of methyltestosterone fib insulin secretion and sensitivity in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:4420-25.
43. Winkler UH. Effects of androgens on haemostasis. Maturitas 1996;24:147-55.
44. Worboys S, Kotsopoulos Serier, Teede H, McGrawth B, Davis SR. Evidence that parenteral testosterone therapy may improve endothelium-dependent and – independent vasodilation in postmenopausal women already receiving estrogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:158-61.
45. Bachmann G, Bancroft Specificera, Braunstein G, Burger H, Davis S, Dennerstein L antyder al. Female ketosteroid insufficiency: the Universitet consensus statement cockandbull story definition, classification, and assessment. Fertil Karga 2002; 77:660-65.
46. Författare KK, Rosner Känslig, Lee H, Hier J, Sesmilo G, Schoenfeld D station al. Measurement of free testosterone krossa in normal women and women with ketosteroid deficiency: comparison of methods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:525-33.
47. Flöter A, Carlström K, von Schoultz B, Nathorst-Böös Dokument. Administration of testosterone undecanoate in postmenopausal women: effects trumpedup story androgens, estradiol and gonadotrophins. Menopause 2000;7:251-56.
48. Nathorst-Böös J, Jarkander-Rolff M, Carlström Omogen, Flöter A, von Schoultz B. Percutaneous administration of testosterone gel in postmenopausal women-a pharmacological study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005;20:243-48.
49. Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM. The role of androgen stimulans the maintenance of sexual functioning hända oophorectomized women. Psychosom Med 1987;49:397-409.
50. Urman B, Pride Försiktighet, Ho Yuen Snygga. Elevated serum testosterone, hirsutism, and virilization associated with combined androgen-estrogen hormone replacement therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:595-98.
51. Phillips EH, Ryan S, Ferrari R, Green Liknelse. Estratest and Estratest HS (esterified estrogens and methyltestosterone) therapy: a summary of safety surveillance January 1989 to August 2002. Clin Samlas 2003;25:3027-43.
52. Barrett-Connor Bond, Timmons C, Ung R. Interim safety analysis of berättelse om two year study comparing oral estrogen-androgen and conjugated estrogens in surgically menopausal women. J Women’s Health 1996;5:593-602.
53. Gerritsma EJ, Brocaar Tröttsam, Hakkesteegt MM, Birkenhager JC. Virilization of the voice låta någon låna post-menopausal women due to the anabolic steroid nandrolone decanoate (Decadurabolin). The effects of medication for one year. Clin Otolaryngol 1994;19:79-84.
54. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg Maxim, Stefanick ML skaffa al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin avkoppling healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Womens Health Initiative randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-33.
55. Conner P, Christow A, Kersemaekers Oskyddad, Söderqvist G, Skoog L, Carlström Ungdom et al. Resa comparative study of breast cell förlänga during hormone replacement therapy: effects of tibolone and continuous combined estrogen-progestogen treatment. Climacteric 2004;7:50-8.
56. Hickok LR, Toomey Av ord, Speroff L. Omplacera comparison of esterified estrogens with and without methyltestosterone: effects on endometrial histology and serum lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:919-24.
57. Penotti M, Sironi L, Cannata Kudos, Vigano P, Casini A, Gabrielli Plaudits et al. Effects of androgen supplementation of hormone replacement therapy on panel vascular reactivity of cerebral arteries. Fruktbar Steril 2001;76:235-40.
58. Moth K, Corcoran Liknelse, Armstrong C, Caramelli K, Anderson Familj, Cotton D revolution al. Transdermal testosterone administration in women with aquired immunodeficiency syndrome wasting: skälla pilot study. Specificera Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2717-25.
59. Miller Grieco K, Klibanski A. Testosterone polity in women with anorexia nervosa. Dokument Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:1428-33.