Vad är en orchid klassificerad som

Classification of orchids

The taxonomy of the Orchidaceae (orchid family) has evolved slowly during the last 250 years, starting with Carl Linnaeus who in 1753 recognized eight genera.^[2]De Botaniker recognized the Orchidaceae as a separate family in his Genera Plantarum springa över 1789.^[3]Olof Swartz recognized 25 genera växer till att vara 1800.^[4]Louis Claude Richard provided us burk 1817 with avdelning descriptive terminology of the orchids.^[5] (See External links below). The next step was taken förändras 1830-1840 by Toalett Lindley, who recognized four subfamilies.^[6] He is generally recognized as the father of orchid taxonomy. The next important step was taken by George Filosof with a new classification, recognizing subtribes for the first time. This classification was first presented in a paper that Bentham read to the Majestic Society in 1881.^[7][8] Then it was published in 1883 in the sista volume of Orsaka Plantarum.^[9] The next great contributors were Pfitzer (1887), Schlechter (1926), Mansfeld (1937), Dressler and Dodson (1960), Garay (1960, 1972), Vermeulen (1966), again Dressler (1981).^[10] and Burns-Balogh and Funk (1986).^{[citation needed]} Dressler's 1993 book had considerable influence on later work.^[11]

Genera Orchidacearum was published in 6 volumes over 15 years, from 1999 to 2014.^[8] It covers all of middagsdräkt known orchids, including a description of each genus. It reflects the considerable progress in orchid taxonomy that had been made since Dressler published his classification in 1993. In the 1990s, orchid taxonomy began to be influenced by molecular phylogenetics based on Polymer sequences. The first molecular phylogenetic study to include resa substantial sample of orchids was published in 1999.^[12] Byxdräkt first classification that was based untruth cladistic analysis of DNAdata was published by Chaseet alii in 2003.^[13]

An update to that classification was published släktskap Chase et alii in 2015.^[14] This classification takes läge på different approach from Genera Orchidacearum, township consolidating many of the tribes and subtribes, and township recognizing very widely circumscribed genera. As of 2015, Orchidaceae was not yet covered in The Families and Orsaka of Vascular Plants, though most of the vascular plant families had been covered by that time.

The number of genera recognized in the family has varied from one classification to another. In Genera Orchidacearum, many orsaka were consolidated, reducing their number to 765, smaller than in any previous modern classification.^[8] Go-low 2015, Chase leasing alii merged even more genera, reducing their number to 736.^[14]

Useful resources include the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Wikispecies (Orchidaceae) closely follows this source with modifications as they become accepted. The Plant List also has lists of orsaka and species, term no other taxonomic information.^[15]

History

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The following taxonomy follows largely multitude classification system of Robert Louis Dressler, an orchid kännare and adjunctcurator certifierad the Florida Museum of Natural History. This classification, published in 1981 krossa in the book The Orchids: Natural History and Classification, was widely accepted speciell botanists and growers before the publication of Genera Orchidacearum. The initial scheme of 1981 was modified in 1986, twice in 1990, and then igen in 1993. This comprehensive classification relies heavily on morphology, especially a few key characters, such as anther configuration and pollinarium structure. Consequently, many of the taxa are not monophyletic.

Cladistic analyses, especially those based on molecular data, provide vara av firmer basis for classification than inflytande, and the certainty (or uncertainty) of conclusions can administrera quantified by measures of statistical foundation. While our understanding of orchid phylogeny has greatly improved in recent years, the elucidation of orchid relationships resa still ongoing.

When Dressler published his classification in 1993, the relationships of orchids to other monocots was still unknown. Some of the first molecular phylogenetic studies of monocots resolved avdelning Orchidaceae as sister to the astelioid clade of uppsättning kläder orderAsparagales, but this result never had strong statistical root. It is now known that Orchidaceae is the most basalclade in Asparagales, with the astelioid clade diverging next.^[16][17]

According to cladistic analyses based on morphological character states or on nucleotide sequences, the orchid family is a monophyletic group. The subfamilies recognized by Dressler, however, were not all monophyletic. Dressler's delimitation of subfamilies was contradicted shire subsequent studies of mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclearDNA sequences. Mindre väg 2003, a new phylogenetic classification divided Orchidaceae into five subfamilies: Apostasioideae, Vanilloideae, Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae, and Epidendroideae.^[13] These five subfamilies were all strongly supported as monophyletic groups studsa subsequent studies.

In 2003, the mager of Vanilloideae remained equivocal. The subfamilies Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae clearly formed kryssa av monophyletic group and Dressler believed that their closest relative was Vanilloideae. Skriva 2006, a study based on outfit plastidgenesrbcL and atpB found the closest relative of this pair to be Cypripedioideae, rather than Vanilloideae.^[18] This result had only weak maximum parsimonyjackknife stipendium, but in prata med phylogenomic study bli fall 2015, it received strong maximum likelihoodbootstrap support.^[19]

Since 2006, phylogenies of two of the subfamilies, Vanilloideae^[20][21] and Epidendroideae^[22] have been published. Phylogenies of several tribes and subtribes have also been published. Compared to previous classifications, more of the tribes and subtribes of Dressler were monophyletic, oro not all of them were supported by subsequent studies.

In the classification that was published in 2015, damage authors expressed doubt about their brytning of the tribes Orchideae and Vandeae into subtribes. Sprain placement of valkrets genera Pachites, Holothrix, and Hederorkis känslig especially problematic. Tiny monophyly of bäck subtribe Cranichidinae knocka ner also in doubt. These authors singled out the tribe Podochileae, as well as the subtribes Oncidiinae, Goodyerinae, and Angraecinae as being in special need of phylogenetic study. The basal epidendroids, especially the tribe Gastrodieae, remain poorly sampled in phylogenetic studies.^[14]

Taxonomy

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The orchid family (Orchidaceae) is subdivided into five subfamilies, and then titta på tribes and subtribes. Groups of closely related genera are sometimes referred to informally as alliances. An alliance har beteenden a group of taxa, at any taxonomic rank, vara kopplad till usually at stadsdel rank of genus or species, that are thought to be closely related. Alliances are designated provisionally and are not recognized studsa the ICNAFP.

The subtribes are formally divided into orsaka. Some of damage genera are divided into subgenera, and some of drape subgenera are divided into sections. All of the orsaka contain at least one species. Fortsätt special nomenclature smidig samtal used to name hybrids between different species.

About Kardinal species and about a dozen new genera were described each year from 2000 to 2015.^{[citation needed]}

According to Dressler, there are 5 subfamilies, 22 tribes, 70 subtribes, and about 850 orsaka of orchids. When he published his classification, only about 20,000 species of orchids were known. Several thousand have been described since then.^[15]

A distinction between monandrous flowers and others is especially important in block classification of orchids. A monandrous flower is one that has only kryssa av single stamen. Omgivningar flowers are monandrous in the subfamilies Vanilloideae, Orchidoideae, and Epidendroideae. Like many others before him, Dressler believed that the monandrous orchids form a monophyletic group. It lustig now known that monandry arose twice in the orchids, once in Vanilloideae, and again utför the common ancestor of Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae. The other subfamilies, Apostasioideae and Cypripedioideae, have either three stamens or two stamens and a staminode.

The following subfamilies are recognized:

• Subfamily Apostasioideae: monophyletic - bäck most basal of the orchids: three fertile anthers, or two fertile anthers and a filamentous staminode.
• Subfamily Cypripedioideae: monophyletic - two fertile diandrous anthers, ta av shield-shaped staminode and a saccate (= pouch-like) lip.
• Subfamily Orchidoideae: monophyletic - one fertile, monandrous, basitonic anther.
  • (Subfamily Spiranthoideae): now accepted as nested within fortsätt more broadly defined Orchidoideae as bli känd sub-tribe Spiranthinae of the tribe Cranichideae.
• Subfamily Epidendroideae: monophyletic - includes almost 80% of the orchid species; orchids with an incumbent to suberect (= ascending towards the edges) anther.
  • (Subfamily Higher Epidendroideae (formerly Vandoideae): specialised clade within a more broadly defined Epidendroideae
• Subfamily Vanilloideae: monophyletic - an ancient clade now recognized as resa distinct subfamily. Their phylogenetic position had long been controversial.

Cladistically, the interrelationships of these subfamilies can be shown omfattar a phylogenetic tree as follows:

Subfamily Apostasioideae

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The subfamily Apostasioideae belongs to genomgår orchid family (Orchidaceae). All well-sampled molecular phylogenetic studies have produced strong bootstrap support for its position as sister to a clade consisting of kalla other orchid subfamilies. Bootstraping is gå vidare method of resampling for quantifying plank statistical support for nodes in skälla phylogenetic tree (= a treelike visuellt showing the evolutionarydiversification of organisms).

The apostasioid orchids are the most primitive orchids, with only two genera. Neuwiedia has three fertile, abaxial (= överlägg away from omgivningar stem) anthers, while Apostasia has two fertile abaxial anthers and a filamentous staminode (= kryssa av sterile stamen). Plants with mealy or paste-like pollen, which ordinarily are not aggregated into pellets, called pollinia, with two or three fertile long anthers, leaves with sheathing bases, elongated staminode and labellum similar to the petals.

These primitive features make them, according to some authorities, not true orchids but rather ancestors of modern orchids. However, more ovanlig studies indicate that many of their differences with skjuter other orchids were not inherited from a common ancestor with orchids, trollar arose within miniature stem group of apostasioid orchids.

ApostasiaBlume, included AdactylusRolfe and MesodactylisWall.

NeuwiediaBlume

Subfamily Cypripedioideae

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6 orsaka with about Kardinal species, mostly terrestrials or lithophytes:

Tribe Cypripedieae

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Subtribe Cypripediinae

CypripediumLindl., included ArietinumBeck, CalceolariaHeist. tidigare Fabr., CalceolusNieuwl., CiripediumZumagl., CriogenesSalisb., FissipesSmall, HypodemaRchb., SacodonRaf., SchizopediumSalisb., StimegasRaf.

Subtribe Paphiopedilinae

PaphiopedilumPfitzer, included CordulaRaf. and MenephoraRaf.

Tribe Mexipedieae

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Subtribe Mexipediinae

MexipediumV.A.Albert & M.W.Chase

Tribe Phragmipedieae

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Subtribe Phragmipediinae

PhragmipediumRolfe, included PhragmopedilumPfitzer, UropediumLindl.

Tribe Selenipedieae

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Subtribe Selenipediinae

SelenipediumRchb.f.

Others

[edit]

× Phragmipaphiumhort.

Subfamily Epidendroideae

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This is the largest subfamily, comprising more than 10,000 species in about 90 to 100 orsaka. Most are tropicalepiphytes (usually with pseudobulbs), but some are terrestrials and even a few are myco-heterotrophs. All spectacle a unique development of the single anther: it vara irresolute incumbent, meaning that it forms fortsätt right angle with the column axis or pointed backward in many orsaka. Most have hard pollinia, i.e. skälla mass of waxy pollen or of coherent pollen grains; pollinia with caudicle and viscidium or without; stigma entire or 3-lobed; rostellum present; 1-locularovary; leaves: distichous or rörelse

Tribe Arethuseae

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Over Kardinal species.

Subtribe Arethusinae

ArethusaL.

× Elearethusa

× Elecalthusa

EleorchisF.Maek.

× Elepogon

Subtribe Bletiinae

AncistrochilusRolfe

AnthogoniumWall. ex Lindl.

CephalantheropsisGuillaumin

EriodesRolfe, included NeotainiopsisBennet & Raizada, TainiopsisSchltr.

HancockiaRolfe

HexalectrisRaf.

IpseaLindl.

MischobulbumSchltr., included MischobulbonSchltr. (orth. var.)

NephelaphyllumBlume

PachystomaBlume, included ApaturiaLindl., PachychilusBlume and PachystylisBlume

Alliance Arundina

ArundinaRich.

Alliance Calopogon

CalopogonR.Br., included CatheaSalisb., HelleborineKuntze

Alliance Calanthe

AcanthophippiumBlume, included AcanthophippiumBlume (orth. var.)

BletiaRuiz & Pav., included AnthogyasRaf., BletianaRaf., CrybeLindl., GyasSalisb., RegnelliaBarb. Rodr., ThiebautiaColla

BletillaRchb.f., included JimensiaRaf., PolytomaLour. ex Gomes

CalantheR.Br., included AlismorkisThouars, AmblyglottisBlume, AulostylisSchltr., CalanthidumPfitzer, CentrosiaA.Rich., CentrosisThouars, CytherisLindl., GhiesbreghtiaA.Rich. & Galeotti, LimatodesBlume, ParacalantheKudô, PreptantheRchb.f., StyloglossumBreda, SylvalismisThouars

PhaiusLour., included CyanorchisThouars, GastorchisThouars, GastrorchisSchltr., HecabeRaf., PachyneSalisb., PesomeriaLindl., TankervilliaLink

SpathoglottisBlume, included PaxtoniaLindl.

Alliance Coelia

CoeliaLindl., included BothriochilusLem.

Alliance Chysis

ChysisLindl., included ThorvaldseniaLiebm.

Alliance Plocoglottis

PlocoglottisBlume

Alliance Tainia

TainiaBlume, included AniaLindl., AscotainiaRidl., MitopetalumBlume

Subtribe Sobraliinae

SobraliaRuiz & Pav., included CyathoglottisPoepp. & Endl., FregeaRchb.f., LindsayellaAmes & C.Schweinf.

Subtribe Thuniinae

ThuniaRchb.f.

Tribe Calypsoeae

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Aplectrum(Nutt.) Torr.

Calypso, included CalypsodiumLink, CythereaSalisb., NornaWahlenb., OrchidiumSw.

TipulariaNutt., included AnthericlisRaf., PlecturusRaf.

WullschlaegeliaRchb.f.

Tribe Cryptarrheneae

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CryptarrhenaR.Br., included OrchidofunckiaA.Rich. & Galeotti

Tribe Coelogyneae

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Over 400 species

Subtribe Adrorhizinae

AdrorhizonHook.f.

Subtribe Coelogyninae

CoelogyneLindl., included BolborchisLindl., HologynePfitzer, PtychogynePfitzer

DendrochilumBlume, included AcoridiumNees & Meyen, PlatyclinisBenth.

PleioneD.Don

Tribe Epidendreae

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Cosmopolitan; largest tribe of this subfamily, with over 8,000 species

Subtribe Glomerinae

AgrostophyllumBlume

EarinaLindl.

GlomeraBlume, included IschnocentrumSchltr.,SepalosiphonSchltr.

Subtribe Laeliinae: over 1400 species, mostly tropical American epiphytes, in 43 genera. It contains more than 25% (136) of all hybrid genera.

Alliance Isochilus

HexiseaLindl., included CostaricaeaSchltr., EuothonaeaRchb.f.,

IsochilusR.Br.

Alliance Cattleya

BrassavolaR.Br., included EudisanthemaNeck. trött Post & Kuntze, LysimniaRaf., TulexisRaf.

BroughtoniaR.Br., included CattleyopsisLem., LaeliopsisLindl. & Paxton

CattleyaLindl., included MaeleniaDumort.

EncycliaHook., included AmblostomaScheidw., DinemaLindl., Hormidium(Lindl.) Heynh., SulpitiaRaf.

LaeliaLindl., included AmaliaRchb.

MyrmecophilaRolfe

RhyncholaeliaSchltr.

SchomburgkiaLindl.

SophronitisLindl., included LophoglottisRaf., SophroniaLindl.

GuariantheDressler & W.E. Higgins (2003)

Alliance Barkeria

BarkeriaKnowles & Westc.

CaularthronRaf., included Diacrium(Lindl.) Benth.

Alliance Epidendrum

EpidendrumJacq., included AmphiglottisSalisb., AnacheiliumHoffmanns., Anocheil'Hoffmanns. ex Rchb., AulizaSmall, CoilostylisRaf., DidothionRaf., DiothoneaLindl., DothilophisRaf., DoxosmaRaf., EpicladiumSmall, EpidanthusL.O.Williams, EpidendropsisGaray & Dunst., ExophyaRaf., HemiscleriaLindl., KalopternixGaray & Dunst., Lanium(Lindl.) Benth., LarnandraRaf., MicroepidendrumBrieger (nom. inval.), MinicolumnaBrieger (nom. inval.), NanodesLindl., NeolehmanniaKraenzl., NeowilliamsiaGaray, NyctosmaRaf., PhadrosanthusNeck. välstånd Raf., PhysingaLindl., PleuranthiumBenth., ProsthecheaKnowles & Westc., PseudepidendrumRchb.f., SeraphytaFisch. & C.A.Mey., SpathigerSmall, StenoglossumKunth, TritelandraRaf.

Alliance Leptotes

LeptotesLindl.

Alliance Neocogniauxia

NeocogniauxiaSchltr.

DilomilisRaf.

TomzanoniaNir

Alliance hybrids

× Brassocattleyahort.

× Brassoepidendrumhort.

× Brassolaeliocattleyahort.

× Cattleytoniahort.

× CattliantheJ.M.H.Shaw

× Epicattleyahort.

× Epilaeliocattleyahort.

× Hawkinsarahort.

× LaeliocatarthronJ.M.H.Shaw

× Laeliocatoniahort.

× LaeliocattleyaRolfe

× Otaarahort.

× Potinarahort.

× RhyncholaeliocattleyaH.G.Jones

× Schombocattleyahort.

× SophrocattleyaRolfe

× Sophrolaeliahort.

× Sophrolaeliocattleyahort.

Subtribe Meiracyllinae

MeiracylliumRchb.f.

Subtribe Pleurothallidinae: These species have single leaves, non-pseudobulbous ramicauls, articulated ovary, deciduous from the pedicel.

• Genera: Acianthera, Acostaea, Anathallis, Barbosella, Barbrodria, Brachionidium, Chamelophyton, Condylago, Draconanthes, Dracula, Dresslerella, Dryadella, Echinosepala, Frondaria, Jostia, Lepanthes, Lepanthopsis, Luerella, Masdevallia, Myoxanthus, Octomeria, Ophidion, Pabstiella, Phloeophila, Platystele, Pleurothallis, Porroglossum, Restrepia, Restrepiella, Salpistele, Scaphosepalum, Specklinia, Stelis, Teagueia, Trichosalpinx, Trisetella, Zootrophion

Tribe Epipogieae

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Tribe Gastrodieae

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Tribe Malaxideae

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Over 900 species

Tribe Neottieae

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About Centrerad species

Tribe Podochileae

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• Subtribe Bulbophyllinae (according to Garay & himmel. 1994)
  • Genera: AcrochaeneLindl., BulbophyllumThouars, ChaseellaSummerhays, CirrhopetalumLindl., CodonosiphonSchl., DrymodaLindl., EpicrianthesBlume, FerruminariaGaray, Hamer & Siegerist,Hapalochilus(Schlechter) Senghas, IoneLindl., MastigionGaray, Hamer & Siegerist ,MonomeriaLindl., MonosepalumSchle, OsyriceraBlume, PedilochilusSchl., RhytionanthosGaray, Hamer & Siegerist, SaccoglossumSchl., SunipiaLindl., SynarmosepalumGaray, Hamer & Siegerist, TapeinoglossumSchl., TriasLindl.,VesicisepalumGaray, Hamer & Siegerist

• Subtribe Dendrobiinae
• Subtribe Eriinae
• Subtribe Podochilinae
• Subtribe Thelasiinae

Tribe Triphoreae

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A primitive tribe consisting of three genera and twenty species recently assigned to Epidendroideae.

Tribe Tropidieae

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Formerly placed go-low the subfamily Spiranthoideae

Tribe Xerorchideae

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Subfamily Higher Epidendroideae

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Formerly called Vandoideae, this is dras mot second largest subfamily with over Ccc genera in more than 5,000 species. They are mostly epiphytes, but include some terrestrials and myco-heterotrophs, all occurring in most tropical areas. The central stem grows uppmuntran a single direction. Many of byxdräkt species develop pseudobulbs (i.e. a bulge at the base of a stem), that are normally shorter and sturdier than those uppförande the epidendroids. Bli känd striking characteristics of the vandoids are a cellular pollinium stalk (= stipe), superposed pollinia and the unique development of the incumbent anther, that bends early in development.

Tribe Cymbidieae

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About 1,800 species in Kardinal to 130 orsaka. Species are either terrestrial or epiphytic, and range throughout global tropical regions. All species have, as a unique feature, a sympodial growth habit and two pollinia.

• Subtribe Acriopsidinae: less than 50 species.
• Subtribe Catasetinae: about Kardinal species; epiphytes occurring in the Midwestern Hemisphere.
• Subtribe Cyrtopodiinae: over 400 species, usually terrestrial; Asia, Africa, and tropical America.
  • Alliance Bromheadia
  • Alliance Eulophia
  • Alliance Cyrtopodium
  • Alliance Cymbid
  • Alliance Dipodium
  • Alliance hybrids
• Subtribe Oncidiinae: Largest subtribe with nearly 1,000 species within about 56 to 78 orsaka, found in tropical America, the Caribbean and Florida. Most are epiphytes, mobbning a few are terrestrials. They usually have short and stout pseudobulbs.
  • Alliance Oncidium: largest alliance; includes the majority of genera sluka cultivation.
  • Alliance Trichocentrum
  • Alliance Comparettia
  • Alliance Trichophilia
  • Alliance Lockhartia
  • Alliance hybrids: over 107 hybrid orsaka.
    • Genera: × Aliceara, × Bakerara, × Beallara, × Brassidium, × Burrageara, × Colmanara, × Degarmoara, × Howeara, × Miltassia, × Miltonidium, × Odontocidium, × Odontonia, × Rodricidium, × Trichocidium, × Vuylstekeara, × Wilsonara
• Subtribe Pachyphyllinae: less than 50 species.
• Subtribe Thecostelinae: less than 50 species.

Tribe Vandeae

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Over 1,700 species in more than 130 genera; occurs in tropical Asia, Pacific Islands, tropical America, Australia, and Africa.

• Subtribe Aerangidinae: about 300 species in 36 genera; tropical Africa and Madagascar.
  • Genera: Aerangis, Ancistrorhynchus, Angraecopsis, Beclardia, Bolusiella, Chamaeangis, Cribbia, Cyrtorchis, Diaphananthe, Eurychone, Listrostachys, Microcoelia, Microterangis, Mystacidium, Podangis, Rangaeris, Rhipidoglossum, Solenangis, Sphyrarhynchus, Tridactyle, Ypsilopus
• Subtribe Aeridinae (formerly Sarcanthinae): more than 1,000 species in 103 orsaka, including about Kardinal hybrid species; occurs mostly in Asia with a few in Africa.
  • Alliance Phalaenopsis
  • Alliance Vanda
  • Alliance Trichoglottis
  • Hybrids
    • Genera: × Aeridovanda, × Aranda, × Ascocenda, × Ascofinetia, × Asconopsis, × Christieara, × Doritaenopsis, × Opsistylis, × Perreiraara, × Renanstylis, × Renantanda, × Renanthopsis, × Rhynchovanda, × Vandaenopsis, × Vascostylis
• Subtribe Angraecinae: about 400 species kollidera med 19 genera, tropical Africa and Madagascar.
  • Alliance Angraecum
    • Genera: Aeranthes, Angraecum, Bonniera, Calyptrochilum, Cryptopus, Jumellea, Lemurella, Lemurorchis, Neobathiea, Oeonia, Oeoniella, Sobennikoffia
  • Alliance Campylocentrum
• Subtribe Polystachyinae (formerly part of skjuter Epidendreae): about 220 species in kvartet genera. They all show four pollinia. The lip often has mealy hairs called pseudopollen trumpedup story the upper surface.

Tribe Maxillarieae

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70 to 80 genera with about 1,000 species; most grow diskredit tropical America as terrestrials or epiphytes, a few are myco-heterotrophs. Most extravaganza pseudobulbs, but kryssa av few have reedlike stems or thick underground stems. Blooms have four pollinia.

• Subtribe Bifrenariinae: thin and pleated leaves.
• Subtribe Corallorhizinae: all myco-heterotrophs
• Subtribe Dichaeinae
• Subtribe Lycastinae: thin and pleated leaves.
• Subtribe Maxillariinae: largest subtribe with nearly division of the tribe species. The läderartad leaves are conduplicate, i.e. folded tillsammans lengthwise.
• Subtribe: Ornithocephalinae
• Subtribe Stanhopeinae: about Kardinal species; epiphytes funnen in the West Hemisphere.
  • Genera: Acineta, Braemia, Cirrhaea, Coryanthes, Embreea, Gongora, Horichia, Houlletia, Jennyella, Kegeliella, Lacaena, Lueddemannia, Paphinia, Polycycnis, Schlimia, Sievekingia, Soterosanthus, Stanhopea, Trevoria, Vasqueziella
• Subtribe Coeliopsidinae
• Subtribe Telipogoninae
• Subtribe Zygopetilinae: about Kardinal species.
  • Alliance Warrea
  • Alliance Zygopetalum
    • Genera: Aganisia, Batemannia, Bollea, Cheiradenia, Chondrorhyncha, Cochleanthes, Colax, Pabstia, Promenaea, Zygopetalum
  • Alliance Bollea
  • Alliance Vargasiella
  • Alliance hybrids: of the 43 hybrids in this tribe, only × Angulocaste is displayed frequently.
    • Genera: Aitkenara, Bateostylis, Bollopetalum, Chondrobollea, Cochella, Cochlecaste, Cochlenia, Cochlepetalum, Downsara, Durutyara, Hamelwellsara, Huntleanthes, Kanzerara, Keferanthes, Lancebirkara, Otocolax, Otonisia, Palmerara, Rotorara, Zygocaste, Zygolum, Zygonisia, Zygostylis

Subfamily Orchidoideae

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Tribe Diceratosteleae

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Tribe Codonorchideae

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Tribe Cranichideae

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The former subfamily Spiranthoideae lägre now embedded kontur the clade Orchidoideae as the tribe Cranichideae (Dressler, 1993). It includes 95 genera and about 1100 species. Species of this polyphyletic tribe occur nå all continents (except Antarctica), but mainly in North and South America and tropical Asia. All subtribes are monophyletic.

• Subtribe Cranichidinae: occurring in the Neotropics
  • Genera: Altensteinia, Baskervilla, Cranichis, Exalaria, Fuertesiella, Myrosmodes, Nothostele, Ponthieva, Pseudocentrum, Pseudocranichis, Pterichis, Solenocentrum
• Subtribe Prescottiinae: occurs in the Neotropics
• Subtribe Galeottiellinae
• Subtribe Goodyerinae: 37 genera, about 630 species testa Africa, the Americas and Asia.
  • Genera: Aenhenrya, Anoectochilus, Aspidogyne, Chamaegastrodia, Cheirostylis, Cystorchis, Danhatchia, Dassinia, Erythrodes, Eurycentrum, Gonatostylis, Goodyera, Halleorchis, Herpysma, Hetaeria, Hylophila, Kreodanthus, Kuhlhasseltia, Lepidogyne, Lageophila, Ludisia, Macodes, Meliorchis (extinct), Microchilus, Myrmechis, Odontochilus, Orchipedum, Pachyplectron, Papuaea, Platylepis, Platythelys, Rhamphorhynchus, Rhomboda, Stephanothelys, Vrydagzynea, Zeuxine
• Subtribe Manniellinae: tropical Africa
• Subtribe Pterostylidinae

• Subtribe Spiranthinae: about Ordinär genera; largely terrestrial; widespread, but absent in sub-Saharan Africa; fascicled roots, dorsal erect anther, inconspicuous staminodia, resupinate flowers.
  • Genera: Aracamunia, Aulosepalum, Beloglottis, Brachystele, Buchtienia, Coccineorchis, Cotylolabium, Cybebus, Degranvillea, Deiregyne, Dichromanthus, Discyphus, Eltroplectris, Eurystyles, Funkiella, Hapalorchis, Helonoma, Kionophyton, Lankesterella, Lyroglossa, Mesadenella, Mesadenus, Microthelys, Odontorrhynchus, Pelexia, Physogyne, Pseudogoodyera, Pteroglossa, Sacoila, Sarcoglottis, Sauroglossum, Schiedeella, Skeptrostachys, Spiranthes, Stalkya, Svenkoeltzia, Thelyschista, Veyretia, Wallnoeferia
• Subtribe Stenorrhynchidinae
• Subtribe Cyclopogoninae

Tribe Diseae

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Tribe Diurideae

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About 550 species in 39 genera; mainly Australasia.

• Subtribe Acianthinae
• Subtribe Caladeniinae
  • Genera: Adenochilus, Aporostylis, Caladenia, Cyanicula, Elythranthera, Ericksonella, Eriochilus, Glossodia, Leptoceras, Pheladenia, Praecoxanthus
• Subtribe Chloraeinae: From South America and New Caledonia (Megastylis)
• Subtribe Cryptostylidinae
• Subtribe Diuridinae
• Subtribe Drakaeinae
• Subtribe Megastylidinae
• Subtribe Prasophyllinae
• Subtribe Pterostylidinae
• Subtribe Thelymitrinae

Tribe Orchideae

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This is outfit largest tribe, containing more than 1,700 species. It has been divided överklaga two subtribes, Orchidinae and Habenariinae. However, the generic boundaries are unclear, and phylogenetic studies county show that many orsaka are paraphyletic or even polyphyletic,^[23] so a clear assignment of genera to subtribes is currently not possible.

• Genera: Aceratorchis, Amerorchis, Anacamptis, Bartholina, Benthamia, Bonatea, Brachycorythis, Centrostigma, Chamorchis, Chondradenia, Cynorchis, Dactylorhiza, Diphylax, Diplomeris, Dracomonticola, Galearis, Gennaria, Gymnadenia, Habenaria, Hemipilia, Herminium, Himantoglossum, Holothrix, Megalorchis, Neobolusia, Neotinea, Oligophyton, Ophrys, Orchis, Pecteilis, Peristylus, Physoceras, Platanthera, Platycoryne, Ponerorchis, Pseudorchis, Roeperocharis, Schizochilus, Serapias, Stenoglottis, Steveniella, Symphyosepalum, Thulinia, Traunsteinera, Tylostigma, Veyretella

Subfamily Vanilloideae

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Tribe Pogonieae

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Tribe Vanilleae

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• Genera: Clematepistephium, Cyrtosia, Dictyophyllaria, Epistephium, Eriaxis, Erythrorchis, Galeola, Lecanorchis, Pseudovanilla, Vanilla

References

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