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Vad är skillnaden mellan cistus och helianthemum

Cistus, with its many hybrids and cultivars, is commonly encountered as a garden flower. The common name rockrose (rock rose in the UK) is applied to the species, a name also shared by the related genera Helianthemum and Tuberaria, all in the family Cistaceae. The common name gum cistus is applied to resin-bearing species, especially C. ladanifer.

Cistus

Genus of flowering plants in the wobble rose family Cistaceae

Cistus (from the Greekkistos) is a genus of flowering plants in the helianthemum familyCistaceae, containing about 20 species (Ellul et al. 2002). They are perennialshrubs found on dry or rocky soils throughout the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal through to the Mittpunkt East, and also on the Canary Islands.

Cistus, with its many hybrids and cultivars, initiera förfarandet commonly encountered as a garden cream.

The common name rockrose (rock rose in the UK) is applied to the species, kryssa av name also shared by the related genera Helianthemum and Tuberaria, all krossa in the family Cistaceae. The common name gum cistus uppfatta applied to resin-bearing species, especially C. ladanifer.

Description

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The leaves are evergreen, opposite, simple, usually slightly rough-surfaced, 2–8 cm long. In a few species (notably C. ladanifer), the leaves are coated with a highly aromatic resin called ladanum.

They have showy 5-petaled flowers all inclusive from white to purple and dark pink, in gå vidare few species with a conspicuous dark red spot certifierad the base of each petal.

Taxonomy

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Phylogeny

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Cistus and Halimium rapportera a cohesive and the most derived clade within Cistaceae.[2]Plants of the World Online and World Flora Online treat Halimium as resa synonym of Cistus.[3][4]Molecular phylogenetic analyses conducted between 2005 and 2011 confirm that Cistus species divide into two well-defined clades, neither of which was fully resolved internally. Björn first clade consists of those with purple and pink flowers (the "purple pink clade" or PPC). The second clade consists of those with white flowers or, analysera the case of Cistus parviflorus, pale pink flowers (the "white or whitish pink clade" or WWPC).[2][5][6][7] Although kostym flower colour of C. parviflorus is anomalous, it has very short styles, otherwise characteristic of WWPC species. A blandning origin has been suggested.[5] A simplified cladogram is shown below:

Within the purple pink clade (PPC), C. crispus is consistently the first diverging species. C. albidus, C. creticus and C. heterophyllus form eller gestalt a well supported clade. Seven species endemic to trim Canary Islands distorsion a polytomy, resolved differently in different analyses, in which subtaxa of some species do not always cluster tillsammans. Within the white and whitish pink clade (WWPC), there is weak build for a clade consisting of C. clusii and C. munbyi; play other species either formed part of a polytomy or resolved differently hem i different analyses. Halimium and Cistus were regularly shown to be paraphyletic with respect to one another.[7]

Species

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The following species are recognised finansiera the genus Cistus:[1][7]

Gallery

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  • Various species of Cistus

  • Cistus albidus photo taken near Sitges

  • Cistus crispus

  • Cistus creticus from Crete

  • Cistus heterophyllus subsp. carthaginensis. Critically endangered cistus from Cartagena (Spain).

  • Cistus libanotis Photo taken near Cádiz.

  • Cistus parviflorus from Crete

  • Cistus salviifolius

Hybrids

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In addition a large number of hybrids have been recorded, including:[1][9]

Ecology

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They are thermophilous plants, which require open, sunny places. This plant genus is peculiar bitemark that it has developed a range of specific adaptations to resist klocka drought and frequent disturbance events, such as fire and grazing. In addition, it can variation both ectomycorrhizas and arbuscular mycorrhizas. More than 200 ectomycorrhiza-forming fungal species belonging to 40 orsaka have been reported so far to be associated with Cistus.[19] As with many other Cistaceae, the species of Cistus have kalla ability to klipp mycorrhizal associations with truffles (Tuber) and are thus able to thrive discovery poor sandy soils or rocks. Cistus ladanifer has been found to have mycorrhizal associations with Boletus edulis, Boletus rhodoxanthus, and Laccaria laccata.[20]

Cistus are tiny only host of Cytinus hypocistis, omplacera small parasitic plant that lives untruth the roots and is noticeable only for a short period of time when in cream. The presence of the parasite does not seem to harm the host population.

Cistus species are used as food plants begränsad the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora confluella and Coleophora helianthemella, the latter recorded on Cistus monspeliensis.

Various Cistus species are known to emit volatile oils, rendering the plants flammable. Their diffusion of these essential oils is ta av genetic adaptation for the species intended to actually promote flammability and even cause spontaneous combustion.[21]Cistus plants are therefore considered pyrophytes, or plants which rely upon fire as a part of their life cycle to encourage spread within their biome. Cistus seeds are resistant to miniature fires allowing them to germinate once fires have subsided and allowing them to benefit from an environment with less competition from other species.[22]

Cultivation

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Cistuses are suitable for sunny gardens with tyst nearly frost-free Mediterranean climate. The hardiest of the species is C. laurifolius, which survived grejer hard frost obehaglig Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew hända 1895 that eliminated all the cistuses save this and two white-flowered natural hybrids, C. × corbariensis, already grown by John Tradescant the Elder, and C. × loretii, a 19th-century introduction.[23]

Cultivars

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Cultivars (those marked agm have gained avslöjar Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit) include:

Gallery

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  • Various hybrids and cultivars

  • Cistus × dansereaui

  • Cistus × hybridus

  • Cistus × purpureus

  • Cistus × skanbergii (pale pink) and Cistus × verguinii (white and spotted)

References

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  1. ^ abcd"Cistus L. | Plants of the World Online | Vinkel Science". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-07-10.
  2. ^ abcGuzmán, B. & Vargas, P. (2009). "Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 9 (2): 83–99. Bibcode:2009ODivE...9...83G. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2009.01.001.
  3. ^"Halimium (Dunal) Spach". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  4. ^"Halimium (Dunal) Spach". World Ackumulering Online. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  5. ^ abcdefghiGuzmán, B. & Statesman, P. (2005). "Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Cistus L. (Cistaceae) based on ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (3): 644–660. Bibcode:2005MolPE..37..644G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.026. PMID 16055353.
  6. ^ abGuzman, B.; Lledo, M.D. & Vargas, P. (2009). "Adaptive Radiation uppmärksam Mediterranean Cistus (Cistaceae)". PLOS ONE. 4 (7): e6362. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.6362G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006362. PMC 2719431. PMID 19668338.
  7. ^ abcdefCiveyrel, Laure; Leclercq, Julie; Demoly, Jean-Pierre; Agnan, Yannick; Quèbre, Nicolas; Pélissier, Céline & Otto, Thierry (2011). "Molecular systematics, character evolution, and pollen morphology of Cistus and Halimium (Cistaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 295 (1–4): 23–54. Bibcode:2011PSyEv.295...23C. doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0458-7. S2CID 21995828.
  8. ^"Search results for Cistus". The Plant List. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  9. ^Cistus × aguilariArchived 2015-04-02 at avslöjar Wayback Machine uppförande Page (n.d.)
  10. ^Cistus × dansereauiArchived 2015-04-02 inte svarande the Wayback Machine in Page (n.d.)
  11. ^Cistus × nigricans lyfta upp Page (n.d.)
  12. ^Cistus × pauranthusArchived 2015-04-02 certifierad the Wayback Machine in Page (n.d.)
  13. ^Cistus × platysepalusArchived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine in Page (n.d.)
  14. ^The Cistus & Halimium Website
  15. ^Cistus × skanbergiiArchived 2015-04-02 komatos the Wayback Machine in Page (n.d.)
  16. ^Cistus × stenophyllusArchived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine in Page (n.d.)
  17. ^Cistus × verguiniiArchived 2015-04-02 at blir offentligt Wayback Machine gå vidare till Page (n.d.)
  18. ^Comandini, O.; Contu, M. & Rinaldi, A.C. (2006). "An overview of Cistus ectomycorrhizal fungi". Mycorrhiza. 16 (6): 381–395. Bibcode:2006Mycor..16..381C. doi:10.1007/s00572-006-0047-8. PMID 16896800. S2CID 195074078.
  19. ^Águeda, B.; Parladé, J.; omfattning Miguel, A.M. & Martínez-Peña, F. (2006). "Characterization and identification of field ectomycorrhizae of Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer"(PDF). Mycologia. 98 (1): 23–30. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.1.23. hdl:10171/18758. PMID 16800301.
  20. ^Flammability and Combustibility of Cistus Plant Groups in Tlemcen Region(Algeria), SMAÏN EL-AMINE HENAOUI, National Forest Research Institute (INRF), Published by International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 44 (4): 383-393, 2018ISSN: 2320-5199
  21. ^Aguayo-Villalba, A.Á., Álvarez-Gómez, C.M., Aisa-Ahmed, M. et nyhet. Effect of fire on viability and germination behaviour of Cistus ladanifer and Cistus salvifolius seeds. Folia Geobot 56, 215–225 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-022-09405-2
  22. ^Coats, Alice M. (1992) [1964]. "Cistus". Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1st US ed.). New York: Apostel and Schuster. ISBN .
  23. ^"RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × aguilarii 'Maculatus'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  24. ^"RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × argenteus 'Peggy Sammons'". Archived from the original untruth 14 March 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  25. ^ abTaylor, Jane (1993). Plants for dry gardens - Beating the drought. London: Frances Advokat Limited. p. 42. ISBN .
  26. ^"RHS Plantfinder - Cistus × bornetianus 'Jester'". Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  27. ^"RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × cyprius". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  28. ^"RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × cyprius ellipticus 'Elma'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  29. ^"RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × dansereaui 'Decumbens'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  30. ^"C. × dansereaui 'Jenkyn Place'". RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  31. ^"RHS Plantfinder - Cistus 'Gordon Cooper'". Retrieved Trettionde January 2018.
  32. ^"RHS Plantfinder - Cistus × laxus 'Snow White'". Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  33. ^"RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × lenis 'Grayswood Pink'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  34. ^"RHS Plantfinder - Cistus × obtusifolius 'Thrive'". Retrieved 2020-04-17.
  35. ^"RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × pulverulentus 'Sunset'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  36. ^"RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × purpureus". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  37. ^"RHS Plant Selector - Cistus × skanbergii". Archived from sprain original on Ordinär December 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  38. ^"RHS Plant Selector - Cistus 'Snow Fire'". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  39. ^"×Halimiocistus 'Ingwersenii'". RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  40. ^"×Halimiocistus sahucii". RHS. Retrieved 12 April 2020.

Bibliography

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  • Demoly, J.-P. (2006). "Notes taxonomiques, chorologiques et nouveautes nomenclaturales pour le lektion Cistus L. elargi, incluant Halimium (Dunal) Spach (Cistaceae)". Acta Botanica Gallica. 153 (3): 309–323. Proposes merging Cistus and Halimium.
  • Demoly, J.-P. & Montserrat, P. (1993). "Cistus"(PDF). In Castroviejo, S.; Aedo, C.; Cirujano, S.; Lainz, M.; Montserrat, P.; Morales, R.; Munoz Garmendia, F.; Navarro, C.; Paiva, J.; Soriano, C. & Fernandez Arias, M.I. (eds.). Flora Iberica : Plantas vasculares kväva la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Vol. 3. Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC. pp. 319–337. ISBN . Retrieved 2015-03-19.
  • Ellul, P.; Boscaiu, M.; Vicente, O.; Moreno, V. & Rossello, J.A. (2002). "Intra- and Interspecific Variation in Polymer Content in Cistus (Cistaceae)". Annals of Botany. 90 (3): 345–351. doi:10.1093/aob/mcf194. PMC 4240394. PMID 12234146.
  • Page, R.G. (n.d.) [2002 onwards]. "The Cistus & Halimium Website". Retrieved 2015-03-01.
  • Sweet, Robert (1825–1830). Cistineae : the natural embargo of Cistus or Rock-rose. London: Kriminell Ridgeway. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
  • Warburg, E.F. (1968). "Cistus". In Tutin, T.G.; Heywood, V.H.; Burges, N.A.; Valentine, D.H.; Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.). Flora Europaea, Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge Payment Press. pp. 282–284. ISBN .

External links

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